Customer Loyalty Cards In Uk Retail Industry Marketing Essay

Customer Loyalty Cards In Uk Retail Industry Marketing Essay UKs retail industry is one of the most organised industries in the world where retailers like Tesco, Mark Spencers and Sainsbury are holding the good position in the market. The purpose of my research project is to analysis the comparison between the customer loyalty programs of in the UK retail industry where most of the retailers are trying their best to control the maximum share of customer through their loyalty program. In UK every retailer is doing or planning to implement a very different customer engagement loyalty scheme so that it could get maximize the customer power through its effective data base management which hold so much information about the customer like customers buying behaviour, income level, spending habits, medical spending, and so on. My research will try to find out the question: Does retailers success is directly related to its successful loyalty program implementation? For getting the best result for the research a qualitative survey interviews will be ta ken from 10 -15 employee of different retailers. Report will discuss the research question, literature review and adopted methodology for the research. Collected data would be analysed through SPSS software and the total research would take around three months to complete. 2. Introduction: Impact of loyalty programs on retailers business is perceived to be very positive despite the fact that some of the very big retailers like Asda are not using these programs on wide scale for getting customer loyalty. In retail industry loyalty programs are very popular and most of the big retailers use this for increasing the business through customers loyalty. Loyalty programs are part of structured Relationship Marketing activities which encourages customer towards loyal buying behaviour and ultimately leads to companys profit. According to Market research done on customers loyalty patterns, it is tough to get exponential growth by launch of a loyalty scheme because competitive forces reduces its impact on overall retail industry. In retail industry a rewards card, club card, loyalty card, or advantage card is cards which give the membership to the customer who hold it. In UK most of the retailer are running loyalty growth model through loyalty cards for creating more business by knowing customers buying behaviour. UK is one of the biggest markets in the world for customer loyalty card market where almost every big retailer is running its loyalty card scheme. In 1981 Gary Wilson invented the first loyalty card or discount card which is known by the name of Passcard and later on it is known as Passkey however few people believed that passcard was not first discount card. In 1982 first loyalty card is started by one of the leading retail named Sainsbury. In November 1993 boots the chemist retails chain first started the loyalty card scheme in UK market and later on in 1997 with the investment of 30 million GBP it launched Boots Advantage card which gout huge success representing the 3rd largest retail loyalty scheme in the UK market with around 17 million customers. My research question analysis the positive co-relation between the retailers success and loyalty card program. Most of the retailers are trying to use loyalty card schemes as most powerful tools for making their business better in this recession period. There are lot of work have been done which tells direct co-relation between loyalty cards scheme and consumer buying behaviour but how successful retailers are because of these loyalty programs is not widely researched yet. One of the prominent retailer Asda dont believe in investing the money in loyalty scheme rather it prefer to offer cheapest product rang to attract the customer loyalty. On the other hand another big retailer Tesco press release said Double points has encouraged more customers to sign up; a higher proportion of transactions are now using a Club card and 18% more households are redeeming Club card vouchers than a year ago(Retail Week, May 2010) Club cards are integral part of some retailers strategy like Tesco, Sainsbury while retailers like Asda are expanding their business very rapidly with loyalty programs so my research will analysis the effectiveness of club card schemes on retailers success. Club card is scheme is very expensive so its not necessary that every retailer is growing only because of these schemes. There are so many loyalty schemes but very little research represented the effectiveness of loyalty program. (Kivetz and Simonson, 2002; Yi and Jeon, 2003) 3. Literature Review: According to Oliver (1997) loyalty is a deeply held commitment to re-buy or re-patronize a preferred product/service consistently in the future, thereby causing repetitive same-brand or same-brand-set purchasing despite situational influences and marketing efforts having the potential to cause switching behaviour. Literature on relationship marketing practices like loyalty card scheme is divided into two groups; one group of researcher believe that loyalty scheme have positive effect on customer loyalty and that will result in increased profitability and revenues of the organization. However on the other hand second group of researcher believe that loyalty program slightly influences retailers revenue and profitability through customers loyalty. Customers shop from other retailer also where they are not attaching to any loyalty program. These researchers believe that customers behaviour is not affected by loyalty schemes rather they shop according to their convenience. Retailers stra tegic planning is to enhance customer loyalty which has positive influence on organisation development, revenues, profitably and culture (Dick Basin, 1997). Customer Loyalty Research Center (2001) described loyalty as the commitment of customer to a particular brand or company. Most researchers have discussed the loyalty card scheme with respect to consumer loyalty. According to Capizzi and Ferguson (2003) one billion people are attached to any kind of loyalty program all over the world. In terms of loyalty schemes satisfied consumers show more loyalty than that of unsatisfied consumer towards the company (Bailey Schultz, 2000). Few researchers Grinnell (2003) and OBrien and Jones (1995) discussed positive effect on customer loyalty however some author like Sharp and sharp 1997 could not find the proof of an impact on customer loyalty of loyalty card schemes. Organisations growth is related to customer loyalty so big retailers try to attract more customer through loyalty programs. Tesco since inception of loyalty program has spent  £150 million through 1% discount to the customers against the point earned. Tesco claims that club card has made it no. 1 retailer in the UK since 1995 when it started loyalty program. According to Rosenspan (1998) loyalty programs dont create customer loyalty towards the companys products or services. Asda also fo cuses on discounting on purchasing rather than on loyalty programs. Some of the author argues about 80-20 law but top 20% customers of loyalty schemes are not always loyal to the one companys product rather they customers look for best value for the money with any retailers. Researchers views are very divided on loyalty programs or customer relationship marketing (CRM) really affect customer loyalty so that companies could grow and be more profitable. According to the Feinberg and Kadam (2002) loyalty programs create differentiation among the retailers rather than impacting on customers purchase behaviour or satisfaction. On the other hand Seybold (2001) counter the above statement by saying that CRM helps companies to enhance their revenues and profitability if they positioned their products according to customers need. Very few retailers try to position their products according to customers needs rather through loyalty schemes they get to know the category wise buying behaviour of customers and by using that data retailers launched own branded products for higher profits. In most of the cases impact of loyalty programs is evaluated post launce of the schemes but for knowing the actual impact of loyalty programs there must be a comparison between pre an d post data. According Sharp and Sharp, 1997 pre launch data of loyalty programs are not available and it cant not be gathered after the scheme launch. He categorised the customers in two group one group of customer who participated in the loyalty scheme called treatment group and another group who did not participated in the loyalty program named as control group. According to him both group must be analysed for getting the real impact of loyalty programs. The retailers are very smart to invest huge amount on these loyalty programs Tesco claims that it has more that 14 million active club card user in 2009 after investing GBP 150 million on relaunch of loyalty scheme. Retailers in UK invest huge money for loyalty programs but are all the retailers are getting bigger only with these schemes or they are using the customers data for launching their own branded products for getting higher market share in highest selling categories.Sainsbusry is the only retailer in UK retail industry which acquired 50 % turnover by adopting the own branded strategy for increasing the market share and profit. According to OBrien and Jones (1995) loyalty schemes creates the customer loyalty if company knows how to use and share that knowledge. Researchers views are divided on both point positive impact of loyalty program and negative impact of program but more authors are inclined towards positive impact of programs on companys success. Majority of programs are planned to increase the repeat purchase of customers and once the repeat purchase increase retailers get increased turnover through the higher footfalls. According to Sharp and Sharp (1997) loyalty programs have the capability to influence the repeat purchase pattern of the customer but the change might be very little but only this kind of marketing practices which can influence customer repeat purchase pattern. Through my research question I would like make a positive co-relation between loyalty programs and customers loyalty in UK retail industry. 4. Research Methodology According to the Zikmund (1997) research methodology is integral part of a report which consist of sampling of data, research strategy, hypothesis, research limitations and other different techniques. According to the literature review impact of loyalty programs on customer loyalty and company performance is positive as well as negative hence there are mixed views of different researchers for both the arguments. My research is to find out positive relation between loyalty program and customer loyalty based on two hypotheses- H1- Retailers which implemented loyalty programs performed much better through enhancing customers loyalty. H2- Customer loyalty is directly related to retailers performance Research Approach According to the Lundahl Skarvad (1999) fundamentally basically there are two kinds of research approaches deductive approach and inductive approach. A deductive approach has been selected as quantitative data have to be collected through the questionnaires. For my research this approach would serve the purpose. Selected research approach is helpful to establish the relationship between loyalty program and customer loyalty. Questionnaire will consist the question related to number of cards retailers having, benefits of cards, frequency of visit to store, redemption benefit and how loyal customer is because of loyalty card. These kinds of question will help in finding the relation between two variables. Data Collection Methods After seeing the accuracy of the outcome data i have selected quantitative method of data collection i.e. through questionnaire survey. There are two kinds of data which can be used for research -primary data and secondary data. During my research Ill collect primary data through conducting questionnaire survey. Than after i would look for secondary data for finding the literature reviews and other data required for the analysis like magazines, newspapers, journals, etc. Questionnaire- According to the Chisnall (1992) there are three different kind of questionnaire personal interviews, self administered questionnaire and telephonic interviews; but I have selected self- completion questionnaire because of its low cost and it gives enough time to respond. Questionnaire will be distributed through the mail to loyalty card holder in the retail industry for finding out the key relation. Most of the question would be close ended in the survey and some of the question would be scale based so that i could get some comparative data within the industry. There are so many factors like price sensitivity, repeat purchase, loyalty, brand loyalty so through these questionnaires specific questions would be based on these key points. Sampling Strategy Questionnaire would be distributed to the 400 customers through mail who are involved in any of the loyalty schemes so that they could give right feedback. Main idea of the research so to find the positive relation between two variables through analysing the customer view in retail industry. Sampling would be done with in UK in different geographical, demographical, age group, gender and income level of the customers. Survey would be send to the customers randomly so that best result could be found out. Sampling of the survey is an important part for this research as most of the research analysis is based on primary data through survey. Unit of analysis in this research would be customers who are involved in any of the loyalty scheme in retail industry.I,ll try to focus more on female respondents because in most of the cases female do shop for the whole family and they can tell the best view about the customer loyalty through loyalty programs. Time Limit Overall research will take around three months to complete as data has to be collected from primary as well as secondary resources. Sampling of the questionnaire and getting its feedback will take around 6 to 8 weeks while data analysis and compiling will take rest of the time. Strength and Limitation of the proposed design Success rate of the research seems to be very satisfactory as there would not be problem to find out the respondents during my research. Most of the UK population is attach to any of the loyalty schemes in the retail industry and through the questionnaires Ill get the expected results. There are very less chances to get low feedback from the customers because time constraint is not attach with this survey and itll not take too much time to complete the survey. Secondary data is another important resource for getting the important data so that a genuine relationship could be find out between the loyalty programs and customer loyalty in the industry. The survey design is having one more strength i.e. low cost attach to it for conducting and designing it. There are so much research have been done related to customer loyalty and customer relationship marketing but there is less literature available on loyalty programs and customer loyalty relationship.Althouth loyalty programs are the part of customer relationship marketing (CRM) and i used those resources as secondary data. Due to time frame random sampling has been selected but some of the respondents might not have experienced the loyalty schemes so results may have some limitation in terms of accuracy but itll not affect the final outcome of the research. 5. Analysis and Interpretation I have taken the quantitative methods of data collection through self administered questionnaire and the objective the questionnaire survey is to recognise the factors which influence the customer loyalty with respect to loyalty programs in retail industry. The first part of the questionnaire would collect the personal information about the customer where as the second part would gather the information about repeat purchase through loyalty programs. The collected data through questionnaire would be analysed through the SPSS software which gives the accurate analysis. The gathered data would be analysed by some quantitative methods like regression, co-relation analysis and hypothesis test. The gathered quantitative data would be examined for reliability according to the Cronbachs alpha values where 0.7 or higher values are the most appropriate value of Cronbachs alpha which reflects the internal reliability of quantitative data. Alpha can take positive as well as negative values but only positive values (less than or equal to 1) would have the significance. This is the widely used method for score. We have to analyse the relationship between two variables so well use the co-relation analysis to analyse the linear relationship. Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient r given by Karl Pearson evaluates the relationship between two variables. If the Value of coefficient can be -1 or +1 if the variables reflect very strong relationship, if the value of coefficient is in between -1 and +1 relationship is less strong positively and negatively but if the value is close to zero than relationship is very weak. Co-relation between loyalty programs and customer loyalty woul d be analysed. Regression analysis is the statistical tools to examine the relationship between a dependent and 1 or more independent variables and Probability distribution can also be used for this analysis. Regression analysis specifically tells how the value of a dependent variable varies when value of one independent variables changes where as other independent variables are constant. Regression analysis is useful to find out the effect of every independent variable on the relationship. Regression analysis will tell the how customer loyalty gets influence by the different actor of loyalty programs run by the retailers. It will also tell which factors of loyalty programs influence the customers repeat purchase pattern to the larger extent. History of regression started with method of least squares analysed by Legendre  in 1805 but now there are three kinds of regression analysis General multiple regression, Linear regression and stepwise multiple regression .The most widely used analysis is G eneral multiple regression analysis which uses all the independent variable to form one linear equation.Minimun number of sample size is required for the regression analysis and that size can be 50 or more. I have taken a good number of sample sizes so that the analysis of the data could give authentic and accurate results. Significance level or unbiased test would be used for hypothesis testing. There are so many factors which influence the customer repeat purchase pattern through loyalty programs and become the base for customer loyalty. Co-relation and regression analysis will be done to analysis the positive relationship between the variables according to the research question. 6. Ethical issues Data collection is very tedious task in terms of ethical issues related to it. There could be following issues which can directly relate to the research. Privacy and Confidentiality Most of the customers wants their information related to their profession as well as personal must be kept secret. During the research this issue could be handled by giving assurance to the customers that your information will be kept only for the research purpose. There are so many software like survey monkey which can be used for maintaining the confidentiality of the customers information. Integrity- Your identification must be disclosed to the customers so that they could freely answer the questionnaire as well as there should not be anything which may destroy the dignity or researcher. There would be some questions based on the customers income level which would be direct question so customer might hesitate in answering them.During the Overall research only these issues might arise as most of the research based on the customer loyalty and customer repeat purchase. 7. Reflections The overall research is based on finding out the positive relation between retailers loyalty programs and customer loyalty which influence the retailers business growth and profitability. The research is planned to get the data from 400 customers who are involved in any kind of loyalty scheme through questionnaire survey in the retailer industry. Business school resources would be used for conducting the research and the collected data would be analysed through SPSS software. I, m expecting 60-70% reply of my survey questionnaire which Ill send to the customers in the city and in university campus also. Research would require a proper time management as the whole research have to be effectively complete in 8-10 weeks. There are following resources would be require for the research like a computer/laptop, access to library or database, database from the industry or company and a supervisor to guide in research. Business school has already organised the training session for the softwar e learning and other required resources for the research so would be sufficient for the research. Customers response to the questionnaire might be low in that case secondary data would be used for analysis of the research and some time customer might give some wrong information in the survey which can jeopardised the research objective. Interaction with the supervisor would give the guideline for the research in planned manner and continuous feedback will give right corrective measure for the research. Research could be more extended as own brand play an important role in the repeat purchase pattern of the customers behaviour. Most of retailers loyalty programs are made to gather info for own brand positioning and according to the time frame i can add this in my research. Proposed research is very realistic and will contribute in retail industry for establishing the relationship between loyalty programs and customers loyalty. The research will also provide the analysis for the customers of loyalty programs and how they affect the performance of the company.

Harvard Referencing Guide

Harvard System Referencing Guide 1. INTRODUCTION This guide sets out the Harvard system of referencing to be used in the Thesis and other major essays submitted as part of the course taught through out the MBA program. It is important to reference published material that you wish to use in your essay. While referencing is a standard that is used to avoid plagiarism it also supports a strong scientific method. To build arguments and provide evidence you must reference any published resources you use. The spirit of referencing is embodied in Newton's famous 1676 quote, ‘If I have seen further it is by standing on the shoulders of giants'.It means that Newton's great discoveries were made by building on the previous work of scientists. This reference guide sets out how to reference other authors' work properly. For each type of material you are referencing (e. g. books, journal articles, newspapers, internet sites), this guide presents two parts, how to write the reference in the text of your essay and how to write the full reference at the end of the essay. The section at the end of the essay should be called a reference section and only include those references cited in the essay.For the purposes of this guide these two sections will be called in-text referencing and the reference list format. A note on paraphrasing and quoting: Quotes are direct transcriptions of text from other sources while paraphrasing uses your own words to express others' ideas. You should attempt to paraphrase where possible and only use quotes sparingly and strategically. Both paraphrasing and quoting require referencing, and quotes must refer to the page number from which they were taken (see Books). 2. GENERIC FORMAT The Harvard system has a generic format for in-text referencing and the reference list.While this guide provides a range of examples for books, articles, Internet sources etc, the generic format below should be used where adaptation is necessary. In-text (Author, yea r) or Author (year) e. g. Sillince (1996) or (Sillince, 1999) Reference List Books Author, (Year) Title. Place Published: Publisher. e. g. Sillince, J. A. A. (1996) Business Expert Systems. Hitchin: Technical Publications. Articles Author, (Year) ‘Article title'. Journal Title, volume (number): pages. e. g. Sillince, J. A. A. (1999) ‘The role of political language forms and language coherence in the organizational change process'.Organization Studies, 20 (3): 485-518. 3. BOOKS The following exemplifies several in-text references for books with one, two, more than two authors, and authors cited by another author. When citing more than two authors, list all authors' surnames the first time, then use et al. (see example). Note the different formats for the in-text referencing of paraphrasing and quotes (with page number) and the complete references in the reference list. In-Text One Author The development of bureaucratization in the UK was fundamentally different from that of the US.The Taylorist efficiency movement occurred in the US during an expansionary period while the same movement occurred in the UK during one of the worst ever recessions (Littler, 1982). Littler (1982) concludes that for these reasons the labor movements in the UK are fundamentally different from those in the US. These differences in capitalist development had important consequences, ‘This affected the pattern of resistance, and British capitalism still carries the scars of this historical conjuncture' (Littler, 1982: 195). Two Authors Managerial skills are a key focus for Whetton and Cameron's (1991) introductory text.

Seeking a Just Judiciary - 839 Words

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The people of our nation deserve a judiciary that is just in its†¦show more content†¦While one may contend that there were relatively few judicial â€Å"power grabs† during the lifetimes of these two presidents, there is a disturbing new legal model that extends the power of th e Supreme Court far beyond its traditional authority of constitutional arbitration. In 1965, a landmark case known as Griswold v. Connecticut came before the Supreme Court. The ruling was, as usual, long and technical, but the legal precedent upon which the Court based its holding had many lawyers scratching their heads and reaching for their dictionaries. The Court confidently stated that their holding was based upon the â€Å"right to privacy†, which the justices had managed to locate in a â€Å"penumbra, formed by emanations from [the Bill of Rights]† (Griswold). The word penumbra, which is used four times in this particular ruling, is not often heard in the field of law, and for good reason. Of all things, it is a Latin astronomical term that roughly translates to â€Å"secondary shadow†. Essentially, the 1965 Court was calling the enumerated rights the umbra, or primary shadow, while claiming that there was a separate set of unenumerated rights found in the penumbra (Griswold v. Connecticut). This idea of a constitutional penumbra, which was never suggested before the ruling in Griswold, allows the Supreme Court to invent entirely new rights and constitutional statutes, an ability that extends its powers intoShow MoreRelatedEssay on Article Review961 Words   |  4 Pagesand forget that they are appointed or voted in by the public. Therefore some judges have been removed from the bench due to their behavior that includes, sexual allegations, taking cash, making racist and sexist comments, and lying to a grand jury just to name a few. Voters elect some judges, governors or the president of the United States appoints some and others are appointed through a merit selection. 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Instinsic and Extrinsic Motivation - 870 Words

Definitions Intrinsic Motivation Intrinsically motivated behaviours are behaviours or tasks that are displayed or completed with no apparent reward other than the activity itself (Deci, 1975). Intrinsic motivation is fueled by personal enjoyment, interest or pleasure. In a classroom setting, intrinsic motivation refers to the student completing an activity or displaying a desired behaviour purely for its inherent satisfaction (Ryan and Deci, 2000, as cited in Oudeyer and Kaplan, 2007). Salmon (2007), states that intrinsic motivation enhances enquiry and can lead to high levels of learning. Intrinsically motivated students typically enjoy the challenges of learning new skills or information, are likely to advance their learning with a mastery-approach, thought to develop a greater understanding of their learning and appear more resistant to discouragement in the event of a poor grade (Hoskin and Newstead, 2009, as cited in Murray, n.d). Extrinsic Motivation Extrinsically motivated behaviours are behaviours or tasks that are induced by rewards or punishment, depending on the success or failure of the task (Lin, McKeachie and Kim, 2003). Vallerand (2004) states that when a student is extrinsically motivated they do not engage in activities out of pleasure but rather do so to derive some kind of reward that are external to the activity itself. Motivation Giani and OGuinn (2010) state that motivation consists of the physical, emotional, cognitive and social forces that

A Brief Note On The Stroke Affected The Right Hemisphere...

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Internet Freedom and Democracy Free Essays

Internet Freedom and Democracy Recently people more aware about real democracy because technological developments and internet help people who access the internet simultaneously. Especially internet has a great contribition. Internet’s most important two features which are pure information and easy accessibility are gift from network developers to general public. We will write a custom essay sample on Internet Freedom and Democracy or any similar topic only for you Order Now Some believes that this intervention is very helpful for humanity and some others argues that internet will be a tool for mean and malevolent people such as terrorists,racist or pedophiles. Democracy’s most well known feature is being free as can as possible. Person who lives in democratic country can do what s/he wants to do without abusing the other people’s rights,feelings and freedoms. Accordingly on this definition , people can access to internet when they want. They can communicate with each other or surf on the internet and no one can stop users. Internet is a new way of promoting democracy. It is a new area that capable for keeping in touch with billions of people. It does not need to rest or it never dies. However this event depend on governments and authorities’ attitude towards the internet. As you imagine that, internet’s simplicity creates powerful interaction. This interaction ability leads billions of people’s attention. This interaction power and lots of people’s attention may cause a handicap for Authorities. Becouse of this great power States and Authorities want to control it. Thanks to the democracy, there is a obstacle for that. Our rights are saved by laws and governments can not inhibit our internet freedom. Let assume that all of the developing and developed countries are beindg governing with complete democracy. In this circumstance,a large amount of people can reach various imformation easily. Only one click on the mouse opens a door to the rest of the world. Jamie Metzl describes the internet as a quick and cheap way of exchanging the information. It is a great invention that people may gain information very fast and very easy. People can announce their voice and express their ideas. People may also express themselves without the internet but internet makes this process faster. Sharing ideas has become easier with internet. Because internet provides flow of informatin without any corruption or changes. For example (from Peter Brophy and Edward Helpin’s article), human rights organizations were challenging with authoritarian governments early 80’s but later internet usage has started to grow and they have gained adventage from internet. They published their articles and annunced their activities freely. In Peter Brophy and Edward Helpin’s article, Amnesty International which is an organization that protects human rights all over the world. In their Indonesia campaign , they used the online communication becouse government could not making intervention to that area. Day by day Indonesian people have become more aware about their rights and resisted to government’s human rights abuses. Briefly , internet provides democratic rights for people. With internet’s contribitions people can understand the democracy in fast and easy way. Internet is such a great invention that it is easiest way to foster freedom. There is no militaristic pressure, police stick, or torture for readings, songs and idea expressions. It means that there is no this kind of scary affects for being free. People know that they can read, listen or say what they want with internet. This is the main reason for internet’s popularity. Completely democratic countries have been allowing flow of information for many years. Except democratic and liberal countries’ citizens, people couldn’t express themselves freely before the invention of the internet. For example; in Turkey, in early 80’s lots of author was imprisoned by military because of their ideologies and books. Also military was burning ideological books. Even today Turkish citizens aren’t recognizing the complete freedom. However, it changed recently. Lately 90’s internet has become popular and there was no limitation for it. That interval was the pure freedom for internet users. It is a fact that, only way for spread of an idea is communication. Frequency, power and speed of communication are directly proportional with dissemination of idea or information. A user’s idea could be effective on the other user. Different thoughts could become an ideology at the internet. For example; a couple months ago Turkish government has started to applying safe-internet which is software for limiting the internet. Popular bloggers wrote articles about it and they raise awareness about this law. Firstly bloggers and a lot of users protest this issue on web but it didn’t be effective. After that bloggers planned a real protest at streets. They invited both internet users and civil public to strike this issue. Thousands of people responded this call and they protest that law because, government tried to abuse their internet freedom. However, some people argue that internet isn’t kind of a tool that helpful for democratic developments. In dictatorships and non-democratic countries internet doesn’t work properly while process of promoting the democracy. Censorship issue and authoritarian pressures prevent flow of information. Not only civil people use the internet. Governments have their own websites or blogs. Public’s internet is being limited with same technology by governments. Civilian programmers call that the Censor ware. There are lots of ways for blocking or limiting access to websites. Most well-known are Web filters which programmed by states’ programmers. Another one is blocking the website. Jonathan Strickland mentioned this issue in his article. For Strickland, Governments block access to the web pages they identify as undesirable. Undesirable means that the websites which criticizes the state’s ideology or contrary with government’s activities. As a result, these actions cause a counter belief for internet’s democracy foster power. In conclusion, many people believe that internet is accelerating the freedom and democracy in most of the countries. A few people disagreeing with that but generally thought of internet’s contributions to democracy is positive. Two main features of this technology are helping people which are fast and easy and fast accessibility and not corrupted information. How to cite Internet Freedom and Democracy, Essay examples

The Potential for greater use of Low Impact Materials

Question: Research and discuss the potential for greater use of Low Impact Materials in domestic and non-domestic construction projects? Answer: Introduction This paper examines the different positive effects of Low impact materials that are being used in the construction works for both domestic as well as non-domestic purposes. According to the UK Climate Change Act of 2008, it is mandatory as well as voluntary in case of the citizens of UK to take the carbon reduction rate to a target of 80% (Dimoudi Tompa,2008). This law has been introduced by the European Union along with the national and local government of UK. Construction works include elementary products like- gravel, rock and sand and these products take the shape a sound structure with the help of joinery as well as processed minerals like- cements, timber, steel, paints, masonry etc. The use of these basic elements have been increased in this modern century where population is growing so faster and therefore, use of metals, cladding, wiring, electrics, insulation with plastic materials, glass windows, pipes, hardware, processed boards, coatings etc have become necessary for ea ch and every construction project. The scope of these products is vase in both domestic sectors like- building apartments, shopping complexes, malls, public housing etc as well as in non-domestic sectors such as- roads, harbours, power plants, railways, airports and many more (Butterworth Soussan, 2001). All the products related to the construction industry have negative impacts on the surrounding atmosphere but the thing is that people should adapt those materials that have less impact on the environment (Bullen Love, 2011). The products with impact can be categorized into two major types, the first one is- products with embodied impact. These products are just the extracted materials or the products that are manufactured from the materials that have impact on the environmental factors. The second one is operational impact products and these products are highly used for the building purpose (Glass et al., 2008). Sustainability In UK, buildings are solely responsible for the maximum water consumption which is almost the half of the total water consumption in UK as well as the construction processes involve approximately half of the whole total carbon emission in UK. After the construction project, the landfill wastes cover the one-third part of the total waste materials that are found in this country. In addition to that, the total raw materials used in the construction process are one-fourth part of the materials utilized in the economy of UK (Caird Roy, 2008). Therefore, sustainable development in case of UK cant be achieved without transforming the materials, designing part, operation part and construction part that are being applied for structural building in case of both domestic as well as non-domestic projects. There is an alarming condition of greenhouse gas which is an issue of concern for the government of UK and the nation has targeted major reduction in case of the emissions related to greenhou se gas effect and therefore, the government has been encouraging people to use zero carbon materials like- steel, cross-laminated timbers, ceramics, low energy glass otherwise known as Low-E, Alternative Materials, substituted materials etc (Spear, 2004). A statistical Analysis This innovative technique of construction with low impact materials has been proposed by the government as well as private organizations which will have lower environmental impact but people can get perfect delivery of a nice building. The construction market in UK holds more than 100 billion and it seems among consumers a pressure of constructing environment friendly buildings has been instigated and with this, new opportunities have come forward with innovative style of business. In May 2008, this creative approach of Low Impact Building was launched by the TSB (Technology Strategy Board) and this board has helped in the funding of the initial projects and encouraging people to go for it instead of those materials that have negative impacts on the atmosphere (Caird Roy, 2008). The budget of this pioneering platform got enhanced from thirty million pounds to forty-seven million pounds in the first three years. Again the government is taking steps for the improvement of sustainabili ty by targeting 80% reduction of the CO2 emissions by the year 2050 (Sahagun Moncaster, 2012). From concrete survey analyses, it has been come to light that over 45% carbon emissions occur due to construction processes which include 27% domestic construction and 18% of non-domestic construction. Due to the heating space as well as water, 73% of the domestic emissions take place. Apart from this, 32% of the total landfill wastage materials come from the construction sector and from the destruction of older buildings. It has also been observed that 13% of the total products that are used in construction work dont even go to the site but are directly taken to the landfill without even being utilized (Caird Roy, 2008). Here the question should be that, What actually is a Low Impact Material? This question is an imperative one but it cant be excluded from another significant question which is- How to reduce the consumption of harmful materials? A low impact material is the products available for the construction work which can fit affably with the processes going on in the ecosystem. In this way, people can reduce the use of materials those have serious impacts as well as cost high energy (Shiers et al., 2006). Through this, a service-based economy can be achieved but the citizens of UK have to first understand the relationship among these materials, nature and the economy. Criteria for the evaluation of building materials These evaluation criteria involve three key factors, those are- resource categories, pollution rate and the performance level. The categories of the materials can be divided according to the resources of those materials which are- whether the products have been consumed through a process of extraction or production or disposal or utilization. The aforementioned factors similarly work for the next factor which is pollution and performance is about the energy as well as resource saving nature of the products. Performance factor is different with different sorts of materials such as- performance in case of a material for insulation should be evaluated on the basis of thermal resistance but a tile should be evaluated according to its durability (Glass et al. ,2008). Some of the basic criteria that should be used for the evaluation of low impact building materials- To what extent energy as well as transportation resources have been used for the production of the materials? What types of energy sources were made use of for the production; is it renewable or non-renewable? Up to what extent the product has created disposal and what sort of waste products it has generated while production was going on or while it was being transported? Can the product be obtained within the vicinity or is the product available locally? Does the product utilize the overlooked resources in an effective manner? Is the product recycled or reused? Can people recycle or reuse it after the completion of its productive life? What about the durability of it and what kind of maintenance it needs? How is the performance of this material and how it affects the air quality inside the building? Alternative Materials These evaluation criteria should be used in case of the conventional materials as most of the people all over UK are using those. However, to attain sustainability people have to think about new kind of materials that will perfectly fit with the ecosystem. These materials are known as Alternative materials (Bullen Love, 2011). The specialty of these products is that they outstandingly make use of the local resources as well as these products can be produced with very little amount of energy. The non-toxic nature of these construction materials is the key factor which eliminates pollution and these alternative products also utilize the waste products in an excellent style, so with adapting these products waste management will be done automatically. Some of the alternative materials have been mentioned below. Timber- SIPs, CLT, Brettstapel and traditional forms of timber FRP plastic, ETFE plastic Straw-bale Tyres Laminated Bamboo and Unprocessed bamboo Cardboard for tubing as well as cardboard in the form of panels Hemp (Hemp-lime Blocks as well as Hemcrete) Earth which includes cob, adobe, wattle, unfired brick and rammed earth Geopolymer concrete Substituted Materials in place of conventional materials These products the replacement products made of the materials that have lower carbon contents. Such as- concrete is used in foundations as a form of alternative which is suitable in case of low loads. But, concrete is a material mostly used for the construction purpose and from the production of cement, GHG emissions occur which has severe harmful impact on the environment. SCM or else known as Supplementary Cementitious Materials are used for reducing embodied emissions which is one of the major provision implemented by the government of UK (Butterworth Soussan, 2001). Clinker is also a carbon-intensive product which is being replaced by Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag otherwise known as GGBS and it is considered as the extensively used substitute in the form of low impact material. However, the production of SCM is much less than 30% of the conventional cement and a limitation in the production volume is one of the barriers to the sustainability of low impact construction pro cesses in UK. Industrial wastage products like- steel slag as well as sludge ashes from sewages are the main concern of the construction companies and restriction of supply cant hamper the sustainability of these products. Various consumer wastes like- glasses, plastics, ceramics etc are being used in the sector of concrete production in the form of secondary aggregates (Bullen Love, 2011). Some of the substituted materials used for emissions reduction GGBS Fly Ash Construction and Agricultural Wastes Consumer Waste products like- plastics, ceramics, tyres, glasses etc. Demolition wastes Industrial waste products like- residuals from different mills, silica fume, cotton wastes, sewage ash, steel slag etc. Other sustainable style of construction works This work involves the environment quality products and innovative ideas by which people can reduce the indoor air pollutants and noxious wastes that have potentially bad effect to the health of human beings as well as they have severe impacts on the environment (Butterworth Soussan, 2001). From methodical surveys, it has been come to the front that people of UK are getting inclined towards these modern projects. Bamboo Flooring The plus point of this type of flooring is about its hardness and strength as compare to other hardwoods. Some of these bamboo species are therefore rated high against that of maple wood flooring as well as floor of red oak (Bullen Love, 2011). The moisture resistant nature of the bamboo makes it more effective but it has been seen that bamboo forests get destroyed due to lack of management. Fiber Carpet Natural fibers are drier and these products are popular for their flat surfaces. There are two types of fibers, one is Plant Fibers, like-sisal, jute, coir, seagrass etc and another is Animal Fibers. However, these products are quite expensive and therefore people many times hesitate to buy these (Butterworth Soussan, 2001). Hard Wood Flooring These reclaimed hard woods are effective form of low impact materials with high environment quality. The easy to clean factor along with low maintenance aspects associated with the product makes it valuable. VOC paint These paints are made of Low volatile organic contents. These products contain lower volumes of constituents that are responsible for the ozone depletion. Low VOC products utilize water as carrier and not the solvents extracted from petroleum. These materials let out very fewer emissions and these products are famous for their cost-effectiveness as well as there is no need of any kind of special equipments for this paint. Benefits of these materials Green Guide Specification of the Low Impact Materials With this accredited rating, people identify the relative impacts on environment associated with the corresponding products. With this specification guide commonly used materials for construction purpose can be evaluated. Recycled products along with Secondary Materials These recycled materials are actually the products that are generated from the waste materials especially throughout the construction methods along with the demolition processes. However, secondary materials are the derivatives or by-products that are extracted during the industrial processing (Butterworth Soussan, 2001). The UK Government is taking tremendous steps to encourage the public about adapting recycled as well as secondary aggregates instead of the greater use of primary and conventional aggregates. This helps in the reduction of carbon emission to a greater degree which is the ultimate objective of the visionaries of the nation. Healthy Materials like- Volatile Organic Compounds or VOCs instead of Toxic materials will keep the surroundings well-suited especially for the kids. The voluminous amounts of toxic products in the primary aggregates are responsible for different deadly diseases and extensive use of secondary aggregates can diminish this factor (Spear, 2004). Waste management will not be a problem in the near future which is a kind of superior advantage in case of the use of low impact products. Recycling and reusability factors are associated with these products by which demolition of the construction projects can be reduced. By adapting these products it will be less challenging for the designers and the engineers towards the disassembling aspect related to the construction projects. The low impact construction materials have benefits such as- greater longevity period along with high robustness so that the consumers dont have to spend more money in the designing as well as redesigning of the structural buildings. Low maintenance aspect with these environment-friendly products is the reason behind lower expenditure in the future scenario (Mardaljevic et al.,2009). LCA or the Life Cycle Assessment of the low impact materials is quite good on the basis of the output, energy as well as waste flows related to it. With this the environmental impacts can be measured. Low and Zero Carbon Technologies or LZC for greater energy efficiency is one of the plus points linked with the products which are known for less CO2 emissions. Thermal bridging is one of the major problems that are attached with the construction process and these low impact building products avoid this thermal bridging which can be taken as solutions regarding the problems in case of parapet walls as well as flat roof. The renewable products store enough carbon throughout their lifespan and these things are usable for a longer time span (Bullen Love, 2011). The light weight products avoid any sort of load on the foundation levels and so there will be no need of using the products such as- concrete with greater embodied energy (Butterworth Soussan, 2001). Robust upfront construction design can be possible with these materials and by this design improvement can be easily done with better efficiency. The construction process on the sites will be simple as well as structural designing and building parts will be completed in much faster rate. Sundry fixings are one of the excellent styles of advantages that come with the robust walls with high-quality finishing made with the help of low impact and environment-friendly products. The wall construction process in case of these materials is quite effective and vapour-permeable nature of these walls enhances the efficiency (Bullen Love, 2011). Last but not the least, Affordability is a positive factor which is always there with these materials and therefore, the government is encouraging people and construction companies to go for it. References Dimoudi, A., Tompa, C. (2008). Energy and environmental indicators related to construction of office buildings.Resources, Conservation and Recycling,53(1), 86-95. Butterworth, J., Soussan, J. (2001, May). 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Lantz, M., Svensson, M., Bjrnsson, L., Brjesson, P. (2007). The prospects for an expansion of biogas systems in Swedenincentives, barriers and potentials.Energy policy,35(3), 1830-1843. Spear, J. R. (2004). Minimum-impact research.Conservation Biology,18(4), 861-861. Coombes, P. J., Kuczera, G., Kalma, J. D., Argue, J. R. (2002). An evaluation of the benefits of source control measures at the regional scale.Urban Water,4(4), 307-320. Sahagun, D., Moncaster, A. M. (2012, January). How much do we spend to save? Calculating the embodied carbon costs of retrofit. InProceedings of the Retrofit 2012 Conference, Salford, UK(pp. 26-28). Giesekam, J., Barrett, J., Taylor, P., Owen, A. (2014). The greenhouse gas emissions and mitigation options for materials used in UK construction.Energy and Buildings,78, 202-214. Mardaljevic, J., Heschong, L., Lee, E. (2009). Daylight metrics and energy savings.Lighting Research and Technology,41(3), 261-283.