Prescription Medication abuse increase in the last 10 yrs Research Paper

Prescription Medication abuse increase in the last 10 yrs - Research Paper Example ing all types of strategies to sell their products and they are not bothering about whether the sold medications are used for positive or negative purposes. This paper briefly analyses the prescription medication abuse with the help of all the independent variables mentioned above. â€Å"In the United States, physicians are faced with two opposing dilemmas in the treatment of pain – the potential for drug abuse and diversion, and the possible under treatment of pain. While controlled prescription drugs such as narcotic analgesics, anxiolytics, antidepressants, stimulants, and sedative-hypnotics, play a legitimate role in managing chronic pain and other conditions, the illicit use of prescribed medicines is increasing at epidemic proportions† (Manchikanti, MD, 2006, p.335). Prescription medication abuse is one of the largest segments of drug addiction in United States and it is second only to the marijuana abuse. It is difficult to collect the statistics of prescription medication abuse because of the difficulty in identifying whether the medication is used for curing the diseases or misused for getting some temporary psychological thrill or pleasure. The drug abusers often submit the prescriptions of the doctors to obtain medicines prescribed for some chronic diseases like psychoses. Most of the narcotic medicines are used for changing the moods of the psychologically disordered persons which may have side effects. The drug abusers often give false details to force the doctor to prescribe the narcotic medicines or pain killers which contain potentially harmful ingredients. â€Å"Cocaine (35 percent), marijuana (34%), and methamphetamine (17%) accounted for the substantial majority of Los Angeles-based illicit drug items analyzed and recorded by the National Forensic Laboratory Information System (NFLIS) for January–June 2008† (NIDA, 2009, p.49) ‘Misuse of a medicine can be referred as incorrect use of a medication by patients, who may use a drug for a

Philosophy of Economic Thought Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Philosophy of Economic Thought - Essay Example An examination of key contributions made by her research and related findings suggests that Dow has, additionally, played a pivotal role in the evolution of a new, more rigorous methodological approach to economics which dictates attention and respect for the emerging pluralistic notions which are omnipresent throughout the dual theories that comprise economic discourse and debate. Dow’s observations are, subsequently, as much descriptive as they are prescriptive toward the improvement and betterment of a study which maintains sociological relevance to the universal human condition. The following analysis shall highlight some of the key contributions made by Sheila Dow throughout the duration of the evolution of her thought on the topic of heterodox economics. Key Assumptions The evolution of Dow’s thoughts on economics begins with the formation and establishment of key assumptions concerning the human condition and its relation to the study of economics. As a heterodox economist, Dow is, first and foremost, very aware and interested in the orthodox theories which provide the foundation upon which newer, more innovative methodologies in the field of economics come to pass. However, Dow’s study of these theories has given rise to the formation of certain assumptions concerning the grander study of economics at large. First, it is shown that Dow understands all ontological theories to be ontological in nature, or, in layman’s terms, relating to the condition of one’s being or existence. This is, in part, because these theories all come from humans who maintain a certain awareness of their own existence and the relation that that condition plays to the outside world. Thus, Dow maintains that it is impossible for an economic theory to be objective because the very nature of a theory is value-based and therefore subjective (Dow, 2002). Dow states: â€Å"†¦ economics is dealing with human beings who function within a social sy stem† (p. 10). Therefore, it is difficult to presume that any single economic theory offers objectivity independent from the social system that gave birth to it. A second assumption which Dow comes to rely on in the formation of her further studies is that economics, as a study and, arguably (and at times) as a science, should be applied to real world scenarios. This assumption is built upon a general frustration with an economic ‘science’ whose diverging, pluralistic principles appear to adhere to an ‘anything goes’ methodology that starts with theory and ends with theory in a basic extrapolation of fantasy. She states: â€Å"We need to distinguish between a plurality of methodologies, or approaches, on the one hand and a methodology which advocates a plurality of methods on the other† (Dow, 2001a, p. 9). In this way Dow is advocating for a methodology which approaches the very real existence of pluralism within the field of economics with a m eticulous and ordered strategy of applying alleged theories to the real world. Dow’s second assumption is, admittedly and, perhaps, necessarily, mitigated by the first in that the overly-meticulous methodology which would hold a theory or concept to a mathematical benchmark might fail to entirely encompass the truth behind the

Classical Management Theorists And Their Impact Today Commerce Essay

Classical Management Theorists And Their Impact Today Commerce Essay Introduction: Organizations are shared units in the course of explicit rationale. The fundamental rudiments of associations have remained similar over a large span of time. More than a few restraints make available the comprehension and the means to be aware of organizations. Nevertheless, it is suitable to come across such a business which is essentially in multi-disciplinary point of view. (Phan, Phillip H (2006) Three standpoints have come out, over the years in consecutive phases, each looking forward to formulate accessible pane on the others. They are the classical approach, three streams stand out: system of government, administrative theory as well as principles of scientific management. It has got to be noted that with the passage of time; the viewpoints have been changed or modified, on the other hand not replaced as such. Each major association brought new awareness, consciousness, apparatus and modus operandi to comprehend the organizations better. Consequently, in the present day we are more affluent than ever before in terms of our information concerning approach to know organizations. (Von Bertalanffy, L (2007) In spite of the whole thing, more consciousness intended computation by means of additional comprehensive variables to recognize the complexities of human organizations. There is, as nevertheless, no general, mutual prevalent hypothesis as such. Organizations being speckled as well as comprehensive in more senses than one, it is intricate, if not of no consequence to be too across-the-board or too precise on the subject of them. Every business is rooted in traditional practical main beliefs. (Phan, Phillip H (2006) nevertheless modern organization theories attempted to adapt them in the beam of experience, changes in expertise and acquaintance on the topic of human activities. (Gordon Marshall (2006) The central arrangement gave approach to not many sort of transference and therefore malformed, to some extent as a minimum, high organizations keen on flat ones, reflecting a shift in prominence from control to consensus based self-discipline. (Locke, E.A (1968) The proportional state o f affairs of instability and uncertainty malformed the traditional mechanistic shape of management systems into untreated ones. (Rudy, Alan P (2005) The constant inappropriateness has been one of a most important modification a few would articulate an authentic example in the theoretical appearance all the way through which the field is disconnects as well as prearranged as a rational power. Balanced change and discontinuity have been reflected by the materialization of original directorial structures and observe which give the impression to indicate a pointed fracture with additional conformist preparation based on the most important attitude of balanced system of government. (Von Bertalanffy, L (2007) Without a doubt, the level as well as strength of rational fermentation and institutional modernization has encouraged a number of observers to suggest that managerial learning can no longer be regarded as an instruction or, not as much of determined, as a sub- regulation bounded by the all-purpose field of social science. (Von Bertalanffy, L (2007) At the other end of the hypothetical range, there are a few people fighting a rearguard action against the proliferation of replacement approaches as well as the sarcastic power which it has exerted on recognized orthodoxies along with the array that they once provided. (Wetzel, David K (2006) conventional association theories contract all the way through the prescribed association as well as perception to expand management capability. (Rudy, Alan P (2005) Background: The period of the 90s might be considered within the proceedings concerning American commerce account the Quality upheaval period. All over organizations are facing with augmented contest, grinding down share in the market, as well as status for undependable products are at present put into practice an armory of techniques imposing quality with the hope to come out conquering in within the global conflict for consumers. (Gulick, L., Urwick, L. (eds) (2007) Quality management is more and more accepted and admired as a planned tool floating to look up the gung-ho competition of American business. (Rudy, Alan P (2005) recent quality management perspectives time and again are opposing to predictable management perform espoused by the fields chronological initiators. These oppositions put forward that an endeavor alarmed throughout value have got to in due course reject executive principles established effectually in due course. (Gordon Marshall (2006) For example the TQM mod el, as uttered by excellence expert W. Edwards Deming, thoroughly discards the conservative use of quantitative objectives seeing that either a basis of encouragement or as a system of routine evaluation. Beneath Demings perceptive, its signifies no fabrication part, no sales objectives, as well as no organizational objective s. (Von Bertalanffy, L (2007) Deming contributions, nevertheless, accomplishment of the attitude is being opposed as an association have recognized and depends upon setting up objectives as the bases for portentous jobs, assess performance, as well as being able to identify an individuals incentive support. (Albrecht, K (2004) In an effort to determine disagreement flanked by these it appear that contrasting approaches, one can discover points of association as well as inconsistency in the viewpoint aligned with conventional supervision theorists, in addition to tips of squaring off where his suggestion has previous state of affairs in conventional administration reflection. (Barkdull, C.W. (2005) Edwin Locke during 1968 convincingly uttered the code of belief of objective surroundings hypothesis an inspirational arrangement resulting from Taylors opinion who has proven himself to be the guru of scientific management. Moreover he surpassed the observance of task executive an extremely structured arrangement of conveying objectives as well as gratifying personnel for accomplishing those goals. (Albrecht, K (2004) Regardless of the fact that Deming harmonizes through Taylors point of view, he recommended that task management is to some extent liable for the superiority troubles within the country. More than a few chronological methodical organization theorists furthermore privileged reimbursement for personnel who attained quantitative objective s. For instance, Henry Gantt modified Taylors compensation system to support workers more than a particular model. (Gortner, H.F., Mahler, J., Nicholson, J.B (2007) Emerson established incentive arrangement also known as Reward Strategy for strengthening persons composition. (Weber, M. (2007) Even though Demings imprecision of goal setting, in collaboration chronological records as well as present-day study sustain results that objectives perk up effectiveness. (Barkdull, C.W. (2005) In the present day, setting-up objectives is well thought-out to be the majority competent inspirational example leading to put up a concrete organization values. The extreme epitome of conventional administration by numbers ought to be eradicating from contemporary practices. (Anderson, C.R (2007) Study on goal setting in addition chains this disputation. At the same time as numerical objectives are placed, concentration, attempt, and force are aimed at quantity make up, eventually the consequence of this instance is that superiority suffers. (Bakke, W.E (2005) Studies specify that when ambitions are predetermined for solitary act aspect, additional dimensions will be sacrificed, as well as a transaction will take place. (Mahler, J., Nicholson (2007) Deming nor other researchers of goal setting were the first ones in recognizing this matter. A while back researchers have documented the quality and quantity presentation skill by probing the affiliation flanked by pace and correctness. Every individual has the aptitude to do business with the velocity for correctness. (Anderson, C.R (2007) A person typing might makeup a quick irregular draft in fewer amount of instants than it would take her to conclude a ready draft on the other hand it would include more mistakes. A biased orator might make an impression his spectators through the speed of his respond or he possibly will take his own time and systematize a rational disagreement. More or less each chore, a person can execute at changeable stages of accurateness based upon the pace of time. As a result, Demings apprehension concerning employees pursuing just quantity objectives comes out to be defensible. Conversely, despite the fact that Deming spotlights only on the disadvantageous pressure of extent principles, goal setting theorists be acquainted with that if in cooperation quantity as well as quality routine are of curiosity, objectives have got to be placed for both proportions. Emerging observed confirmation supports the verdict that in cooperation statistical and excellence in quality can be augmented by conveying double objectives. At the same time there happen to be a point of understanding flanked by goal setting hypothesis as well as Demingism. (Bakke, W.E (2005) Taylors approach: Moreover Taylors approach linked to scientific management is in relation to the perception of setting up of effort to attain effectiveness, consistency, interest and generalization. Scientific management collection was first and foremost alarmed with troubles with the functioning stage and did not put emphasis on decision-making organization and procedure. (Bakke, W.E (2005) Recognizing that the approach to augmented productivity was throughout common trust flanked by association along with staff, Taylor recommended that, to boost this point of belief, Firstly, the compensation of competence development have got to workers, Substantial pressure as well as nervousness ought to get rid of as much as probable, Ability of personnel must subsist and urbanized all the way through teaching, and The conventional boss concept have got to be eradicated (Weber, M. (2007) Webers approach: Weber was social scientist from Germany who observed as the guru of management sciences where the fundamental substance of traditional association hypothesis involving to configuration and administrative expansion and growth of the association. (Weber, M. (2007) Taking this into consideration the association as a part of wide social order, he based the discernment of the prearranged association on the following viewpoint: Arrangement: where the vacancies ought to be approved in a chain of command where there is a distinctive prearranged amount of accountability and power. Specialty: make a distinction on a practical base, as well as then estranged seeing the spot of skill, each having a detached pecking order. Obviousness and constancy: here one needs to operate in relation to a classification of events incorporating official policy and convention. Level-headedness employment: this entails selection of employees ought to be on a neutral basis. (Weber, M. (2007) Social equality: the right authorities must be identified and given designations and not picking people at random. (Rudy, Alan P (2005) Webers hypothesis is unwell on description of dysfunctions such as inflexibility, impersonality, dislocation of aim , and restraint of classification, persistence of oneself as well as empire building, cost of controls, along with nervousness to get better position. Practical management signifies basically the work out of power on the foundation of association. Authority for a sociologist is first and foremost exemplified surrounded by organizations by the procedure of power. (Weber, M. (2007) Weber categorizes organizations according to the temperament of that power: Magnetic capability is the consecrated or outstanding peculiarity of the individual; Traditional influence is the genuine reality a reverence for institution; Impartial legal influence is where a code or set of convention are emphasized The closing is the most important figure of influence presently replacing the basic use of exposed authority with chronological performance. Consistent with Weber balanced lawful power is attained all the way through the majority conversant form of association: system of government. (Weber, M. (2007) He disputes that managers ought to not rule all the way through random individual desire however by an official system of policy. He scheduled the viewpoint which underlies balanced legal power: A formally allowed regulations can be documented which can uphold compliance from members of the association; The regulation is a classification of hypothetical system which are applied to exacting cases; as well as administration looks subsequent to the welfare of the organization surrounded by the restrictions of that law; The individual exercising power in addition comply with this distant order; Simply all the way through being a constituent does the associate obey the law; Agreement is due not to the individual who upholds the power nevertheless to the incompatible order which has arranged him this smudge. (Bakke, W.E (2005) Weber is more often than not than not described as having supposed that system of government is the knowledgeable form of involvement. In actual fact, Weber alleged government to be mainly officially balanced structure of association. Bearing in mind, Weber imagined of administrative system as being more competent than unconventional forms, however it tends to make the office the center of association, also Weber did not contribute to the contemporary commencement of a practical association as being slow, stiff and lacking ability. His most significant dread was to set up ways of behaving which evades the deceit, unfairness and privileged behavior characterizing the mass 19th century associations. (Wetzel, David K (2006) Weber moreover built on this idea, where he outlined the distinctiveness of system of government in its most original shape. He believed that realistic authority would guide to a number of social outlay: An inclination to bring to a level the communal classes by consenting to an extensive variety of workers with technical resources to be in use by any association; (Bakke, W.E (2005) For the cause that of the time necessary to attain the necessary technological preparation; plutocracy should be formed A superior level of social equal opportunity owing to the ascendancy of the force of impersonality or lack of involvement. (Gulick, L., Urwick, L. (eds) (2007) Administrative approach: Fayol was the original guru of administrative theory where he viewed the managerial issues from the higher level. The basics of administrative theory transmit to success of everyday jobs, and include principles of management, the idea of line and staff, committees and tasks of management. Field Specialization: this boosts competence within technological and managerial work. Influence and accountability: it is significant for an organization to associate and attain the objectives and execute the vision and mission Controlling members of the association should respect the goals of the business. They have to furthermore accomplish with the official procedure of the association. Synchronization of power: meaning that taking direction from as well as being accountable to simply single superior. (Gulick, L., Urwick, L. (eds) (2007) Subordination of person interest to universal curiosity: the inquisitiveness of the association should not turn out to be agreeable to persons interests or the significance of a group of workers. (Hicks, G.H., Gullet, C.R (2007) Compensation of staff: is based on varied elements such as the amount of time one spends, tasks assigned, comparative rates, as well as additional benefit, profit-sharing or non-financial rewards. (Hicks, G.H., Gullet, C.R (2007) Centralized organizational administration must make use of a significant amalgamation of correspondingly centralized and de-centralized power and supervisory. (Hicks, G.H., Gullet, C.R (2007) Balanced sequence: If two associates who are on the comparable level of chain of command have got to work jointly to achieve an assignment, they have not to pursue the chain of command level, on the other hand can interconnect with one another on a mob lath if satisfactory to the superior representatives. Order: The association has a position for each and every person with a rationale who has to be so occupied. (Hicks, G.H., Gullet, C.R (2007) Impartiality justice, righteousness and fairness ought to thrive in the association. Constancy of term of workers: Job safety proceeds to personal arrangement and goals, where a person who is working in the organization needs a little time to get used to and adjust with the work and show results. Project initiation: This should be expectant and stirred.(Tosi, Carroll (2007) The awareness of workers: The perception of line as well as staff is pertinent in businesses which are large and necessitate interest of ability to reach organizational objectives. Line workers are the ones working unwaveringly to gain organizational objectives, whereas the staff comprises of those essentially function is to sustain and assist line personnel. (Tosi, H.L., Rizzo, J.R., Carroll, S (2007) Board: Board is a fraction of the association, where associates from the similar or dissimilar hierarchical levels from different departments can outline board member around a general objective . Moreover they can be assigned divergent jobs, for example executive, supervisory or suggestion . These committee members can be in various forms, for instance directors, task collections or unplanned committees. Such groups are furthermore separated in proportion to their role within the organization. Taking an example of an agricultural association these groups are made after a thorough study where they evaluate the candidates and allocate according to the land for implementation. (Tosi, H.L., Rizzo, J.R., Carroll, S (2007) Fayols management function: He alleged organization as a set of setting up, systematize, as well as schooling, commanding and coordinating functions. Management functions are also measured keeping in mind planning, organizing, hiring, assigning, coordinating, reporting as well as budgeting. (Tosi, H.L., Rizzo, J.R., Carroll, S (2007) Effects of Classical Management Theorists at present: as we are familiar with it today, management exists in all forms of association beginning from classified to communal and also non-profit. All the way through the years the dimension and intricacy of all types of organizations have developed, and consequently a distinct and specialized approach to the method of management has grown to be inexorableness. For example every management is a procedure or kind of task involving direction or course of people aligned with organization and the objectives. (Hicks, G.H., Gullet, C.R (2007) These theories in which this direction and guidance are achieved are several, on the other hand the groundwork stones to contemporary day hypothesis as well as management all together were laid in the times flanked by century turn as well as the great depression during the 1900 to the 1920s. Seeing that this period administrative perception has been identified as the old school of thought. The creators of this theory remained attentive on competence, together with the sector of managerial, routine along with technological supervision. Managerial organization draws attention to the flow of information within an association. Practical management relies on a rational set of structuring guiding principle; system and actions, pecking order, as well as apparent divisions of employment. On the other hand scientific management pays attention to one of the best possible way to do a job. (Tosi, Carroll, S (2007) The executive values of the traditional theorists were practical to supervisors as diminutive; owner-manager dealing developed into big companies and corporations by means of the development of the developed world. Today is a very diverse one to that of the previous era during the century of two major wars, a nuclear confrontation as well as rapid improvement in expertise. This statement is not convincing for a lot of corporations in the contemporary world. Also, it was recommended that every division of the association have a manifestly definite specialist and that the management should be neutral and impersonal, leading to all employees being treated evenly. The management functions were divided into five aspects that were the basis of management thoughts converted to actions, where Taylor pointed out that when at the factory management issues were raised, they were in need of innovative ways to manage those situations and challenges raised by the Industrial revolution authorities. Strength employees: Every organization needs to bear in mind that in order to execute timely and effectively they must have a below average turnover rate as well as long lasting dedication are essential for an experienced organization. Traditional philosophies of management developed throughout the beginning stage of the concluding century. (Hellriegel, D., Slocum J.W., Jr (2007) Dependence on familiarity: The old school of management, urbanized their perceptions and experiences as todays managers and executives with a typical organizational platform, where Taylor and Fayol contributed primarily from their knowledge through large developed organizations having steady surroundings. It might be foolish to generalize from those circumstances in particular to juvenile, high-technology firms of in the present day that are challenged on a day to day basis with hurdles. (Hellriegel, D., Slocum J.W., Jr (2007) Malfunction to mull over the relaxed association: stressing upon formal associations within the association, traditional approaches be apt to shell out no attention to casual dealings as distinguished through communal swapping among personnel, the materialization of team leaders distant from those particular by the official association, and so on. When such effects are not well thought-out, it is probable that a lot of significant aspects having an effect on contentment and act, such as allowing workers to participate in administrative and task development, will on no account be discovered or try. (Probst, Tahira M (2005) Unintentional cost: traditional theories aspire to achieving high effectiveness, at making conduct conventional, as well as achieving equality among workers and flanked by managers and workers; however they fail to be acquainted with that more than a few not deliberate charges can come about handy. For example, a serious importance on policy and rules might source employees to do as you are told rules blindly with no identification of their original purpose. Time and again, in view of the feature that regulations set up a least level of performance projected of workers, a bare minimum stage is all they bring about. Conceivably a lot more might be achieved if the policy were not so clear. (Woodward, J (2007) Individual mechanism: traditional hypothesis abscond the initiative that the association is an appliance whereas all the workers are just parts to be en suite into the instrument to make it run competently. As a result, a lot of the doctrines are alarmed initially through the making the organization efficient, through the hypothesis that personnel will be conventional to the work surroundings if the monetary enticements are satisfying. (Probst, Tahira M (2005) Seeing as more than a few of these condemnations of the typical school are inconsiderate, more than a few measures are to be made in resistance of authors all the way through this age. First, the labor force was not extremely sophisticated or skilled to execute a lot of jobs that subsist at the time. Also it was not a regular thing for employees to contemplate the word profession and individual growth. To a certain extent, the chance to grasp a safe job along with a stage of wages to create easy to get to for their family unit was all they need from the work situation. Succeeding, much of the text was written at the time where intellect was pacing all the through transformation and changed, in particular towards the area of industrialization. To end with, very little had been done beforehand in terms of creating a reasonable and practical body of management hypothesis, where more than a few traditional theorists wrote starting from nothing, being thankful primarily to be dependent on their individual understanding and clarification. As a result their focal point is rationally contracted. (Taylor, F.W (2007) Conclusion: In my view, classical theorists have viewed an organization as a congested system. A closed arrangement is one that has no surroundings and for this reasons no communication with outside world. However, this close system assumption regarding the organization is unrealistic. Accordingly the model fails to reflect on many of the environmental influences upon the organization as well as many significant internal aspects. Simplifying assumptions have been made in order to reduce hesitation, a process which often leads to an unfinished view of actual organizational situations. (Taylor, F.W (2007) Conventional theory takes an unbending and motionless view of the organization, even though it is a self-motivated occurrence which suggests that organizational patterns dare determined through constant adjustments. The adjustments are necessary keeping in view the requirements of organizational environment and its different internal parts. Therefore, the finest organizational prototype is one which meets its external and internal requirements, and these requirements are vigorous, ever-changing. A major denigration of the classical theory concerns with its impractical supposition regarding human behavior. Classical theorists lack sensitivity to the behavioral dimensions of an organization and make over-simplified and mechanistic assumptions for the smooth running of organizations, ignoring the extreme complexity of human behavior. They take human beings in the organization as an inert instrument performing the tasks assigned to them. Further, there is a tendency to view personnel as given rather than as a changeable in the organization. As a result, they have ignored the socio-psychological as well as motivational aspects of human behavior. For that reason the treatment of human beings in the organization on the pattern of classical assumptions may lead to aggravation, disagreement, and collapse. (Woodward, J (2007) The wide-ranging traditional notions as well as most important viewpoint written by practitioners in organization are based just in the lead of individual understanding and imperfect examination. The main beliefs have not positioned the remaining of thorough experiential study by means of technical means. In addition, it is not understandable that if the values are for action commendation, or characterization. Seeing that from exacting standpoint it turns out to be essential to classify a number of self-sufficient stipulations of what in real fact an association is, therefore that the values do not turn out to be on the whole a part of the explanation of an association. In view of the fact that, it was not done with any constancy, these main beliefs turn out to be empirically empty-headed. Possibly, the mainly vital malfunction of organizational administration hypothesis is that it does not match with observance. The hypothesis is apt to disband when go through a test structure. As a result not even a single attitude is appropriate to each and every managerial circumstance as well as every now and then one contradicts each other. (Taylor, F.W (2007) Traditional theorists, above all managerial theorists, have recommended that an assortment of main beliefs of organization have widespread submission. This suggests that the similar ideology can be practical within for example diverse association, organization intensity of the matching organization, and/or purpose of that particular organization. Pragmatic study, nevertheless, recommend that there is not even a distinct opinion which is appropriate in all these state of affairs. Additionally a lot of the ideologies are within paradoxical point. For example, standard of specialization is often in clash amid the principle of unity of control. Accordingly, subsequent to the basic standard main beliefs the most important support of traditional conjecture have been inquired or they are not appropriate or related lacking a lot of remuneration: Hierarchical construction is the fundamental basis of power associations within any organizations, where it signified the conformity of people individuals relationships in an organization. However a big concern stuck between the organization chain of command is based upon the arrangement within the association and the mounting significance of technical development. (Taylor, F.W (2007) The traditional approach to the extent of organization deals with oversimplification exemplifying comprehensive of the junior staff member for a valuable period. The hypothesis suggests a slender span of group as well as stipulates a detailed number of subordinates under the direct supervision of one manger. On the other hand, the operational loom put forward that this is not so and a wider span of management is far superior for decision-making implementation. (Woodward, J (2007) The principle of scalar-functional put forward that the control liken the ability of people in point of fact performing managerial roles. This supposition of traditional hypothesis does not hold superiority for the reason that in actual practice capability may exceed power. As a result these situation need adjustment flanked by work and persons. Neo-classists are familiar with two deficit of this set, where initially it is not probable to increase a genuine feel of person aptitude subsequently that an ample contest can be made flanked by persons ability and lines of managerial career prospect. Secondly harmonizing of the capability and influence is additionally customized by the untailored relations. Consequently what is prearranged as a balance within the logic of bureaucrat organization might not be factual. (Woodward, J (2007)

Whats in a Portrait? :: essays research papers fc

What’s in a Portrait?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  What’s in a portrait? Is it simply just a photographic image of a person only done in oil paints, or is there much more to it? Is a portrait a way of peeling away the layers of a person and visually representing who they really are? Gericault’s Monomania: Portrait of an Excessively Jealous Woman and Cezanne’s Madame Cezanne in the Conservatory are both portraits of women. Even though these paintings are portraits of women they are completely different portraits. These are not just paintings depicting two different women. They show us who they really are, or what they meant to the artist. The artists paint them in a way that represents how history and time period affect the way and artists paints.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In Gericault’s Monomania: Portrait of and Excessively Jealous Woman, the artist captures the pure emotion of a woman suffering from a debilitating mental disease. The composition is symmetrical for the most part and the subject is positioned in the center of the canvas, which emphasizes her more as a point of focus. The brushwork is visible, but disappears around her face where there is great detail to clearly show her emotional state. The rest of her contains very visible brushwork, and it’s very sketchy. Most of her body doesn’t even seem to be brushed, but more like the paint has been blocked in with a palette knife, thus making the details of the face stand out more. Contours have been completely eliminated in this painting; he uses direct tone and color instead to convey the painting. There seems to be no direct light source everything seems to be in the dark, perhaps hinting at the subject’s mental state of mind. The only thing th at seems remotely lit up is the women’s face drawing more attention to the expression on it. The colors are of a darker palette, and there is a slight sense of complimentary colors with the red and a very deep dark green. The repetition of the color red in her clothes and again in her eyes is a very strong emphasis in this painting. It helps draw more attention to her expression thus adding more emotional content to the painitng. Plus, the red in her eyes alludes to her instability. There is no sense of deep space. The women seems have been painted from straight on, although there is something to the right of the artist that is drawing her attention that way, quite possibly making her have her present expression.

Is Daycare Harmful to the Development of Infants Essay

There have been many concerns over the past several years on whether or not early daycare causes negative or positive effects on the development of children. These fears are influenced by the fact that the early separation of a baby from his mother may cause emotional harm to the child or disrupt the mother-infant bond. Studies continue to research the effects of early daycare on children The cost of living has made it nearly impossible for mothers to stay at home even in the very beginning of their newborn’s life. This means that someone else will be responsible for ensuring that the baby is cared for while their mother is at work. Each and every day well-meaning and loving parents are forced by economic pressure to place infants, even as young as two weeks old in daycare. Studies have shown that the beginning of a baby’s life, especially the first year is a critical period in the attachment process. The question is â€Å"Is childcare harmful to the emotional developm ent of infants†? There have been many concerns over the past several years on whether or not early daycare causes negative or positive effects on the development of children. These fears are influenced by the fact that the early separation of a baby from his mother may cause emotional harm to the child or disrupt the mother-infant bond. Studies continue to research the effects of early daycare on children. If a mother is forced economically to work during her child’s early stages of development that means that during the child’s waking hours, he will have no contact at all with the person/persons with whom he must develop a strong and stable emotional bond (usually, his parents). This fact has to interfere with the attachment process of infants. In an article I read it stated that the results when mothers of infants work outside the home are completely neutral, but further on in the article (page 63) we learn that child behaviors after the mother works full-time outside the home in the first year of life, together with consideration for the timing of the start of that work, be it at three, six, or nine months after birth: At age 4.5, children whose mothers had worked (full-time) at three months, six months, or nine months have significantly more externalizing behavior problems than children whose mothers did not work in the first year and this also was the case when the children reached first grade. (MROZEK, A, 2010) I) Effects of Childcare on Emotional Development The National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) conducted a comprehensive study between 1991- 2007 to observe and document the effects of daycare on over 1,000 preschool age children. The â€Å"Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development,† revealed key areas of child development that were influenced by day care providers and experiences. In some instances when a young child was left with a day care provider, the child exhibited a range of negative emotions and behaviors which included crying and clinging to parents, and screaming or hiding from the daycare provider after their parents had left. These children frequently developed insecure attachment issues and separation anxiety however other children adjusted more readily and eagerly joined their peers, barely acknowledging when their parents had left the room. These children demonstrated more security, less separation anxiety and greater preparedness for eventually entering school. II) Effects of Daycare on Behavioral Development Children who attended daycare at an early age were more likely to develop negative behavioral issues, which included aggression and noncompliance. According to a study conducted by the National Institute of Health (NIH) they demonstrated a connection between children’s poor behavior and the amount of time spent in day care settings. According to the NIH study, elementary school teachers reported that students who regularly spent ten or more hours per week in day care tended to be more argumentative, disobedient and unruly in class. However in regards to a high quality daycare the NIH found that these attentive, stimulating day care environments produced children who were overall more cooperative and positive in their interactions with caregivers, peers and parents. III) Effect of Daycare on Cognitive Development School age children who spent significant time in daycare as infants frequently have better verbal, reading and math skills throughout the elementary school years. This is often the case in children from disadvantaged families wherein they excel more in academic development if they had spent time in daycare during their infancy and the early childhood years. This may be because the daycare setting may offer more opportunities for them to improve their skills. Children who participated in daycare during early childhood tend to have a larger vocabulary which enhanced their language development. Research conducted by the National Institutes of Health published in Child Development suggests that children frequently benefit from daycare in terms of cognitive development. The study showed that children who spent time in daycare during their early childhood continued to score higher on academic achievements even into the high school years. IV) Effects on Social Development Children in daycare settings at an early age had a greater ability to form relationships with peers and adults than children who did not attend daycare. This is because there are instances when aside from daycare the child would not be in consistent contact with other children their age, therefore daycare provides them with that opportunity. Conclusions and Findings After reviewing the research concerning the effects of daycare attendance on the emotional, cognitive, and social development of infants a wide spectrum of results can be noted. I believe that if the parent’s commit themselves to finding a high quality daycare the effects on these areas of development could even be considered positive especially in terms of an infant’s social and cognitive development. References MROZEK, A. (2010, Aug 19). Research unclear on how daycare affects child development. The Gazette. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/746423295?accountid=32521 Pritchett, J. (2009, Dec 29). Daycare opens doors of opportunity; proposed early learning and child care act seen as positive step for young mothers, children. Telegraph-Journal. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/423338000?accountid=32521 http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubs/upload/seccyd_06.pdf http://www.nationalacademies.org/headlines/20070404.html

Impact of wireless communication devices and systems nowadays Essay

ABSTRACT Nowadays, wireless communication devices and systems have a huge impact on everyone. This project describes the performance of the 433MHz RF module for WSN applications. The system is built wirelessly where it can transmit and receive signals from DHT11 which is a temperature sensor and humidity. This 433MHz RF module is used to transmit and receive data from Arduino Pro, which is connected directly to the RF module and sensor modules. It also allows data packets to be moved remotely. There are other transmissions such as Wi-Fi, Zigbee, Bluetooth and others but the 433MHz RF module creates more flexibility in dealing with such problems. Therefore, the 433MHz RF module is selected to achieve the goal of the project as the RF module can handle the problem. Additionally, the transferred data will also be sent and received without any loss of data in the barrier or in a line of sight. These projects should examine the distance and performance of the 433MHz RF module. ABSTRAK Pada masa kini, peranti dan sistem komunikasi tanpa wayar mempunyai impak yang sangat besar kepada semua orang. Projek ini menerangkan tentang prestasi modul RF 433MHz untuk aplikasi WSN. Sistem ini dibina secara wayarles dimana ianya boleh menghantar dan menerima isyarat dari DHT11 yang merupakan sensor suhu dan kelembapan. Modul RF 433MHz ini digunakan untuk menghantar dan menerima data dari Arduino Pro, yang disambungkan secara langsung dengan peranti modul RF dan sensor. Ia juga membenarkan paket data yang diperlukan untuk dipindahkan dengan jarak jauh. terdapat jugak penghantaran lain seperti Wi-Fi, Zigbee, Bluetooth dan lain-lain lagi tetapi modul 433MHz RF mencipta lebih banyak fleksibiliti dalam menangani masalah seperti ini. Oleh sebab itu, 433MHz RF modul dipilih untuk mencapai matlamat projek ini kerana modul RF dapat menangani masalah tersebut. Selain itu, data yang telah dipindahkan juga akan dihantar dan diterima tanpa ada sebarang kehilangan data di dalam halangan mahu pun garis penglihatan. Projek-projek ini perlu mengkaji mengenai jarak dan prestasi modul RF 433MHz. DEDICATION To my beloved parents, thank you for the support, encouragement, and understanding from both of you, Mukhtar Bin Baharom and Rahmah Binti Yunus. This work is dedicated to them. Acknowledgment Thanks to Allah S.W.T for his blessing and mercy for giving me the strength to complete my task that given in Final Year Project. However, it is impossible for me to complete this project without help and support from anybody. So, I would like to thank you for all of them. I would like to express my deep gratitude to my supervisor, Mr. Mohd Khanapiah Bin Nor for guiding me to complete this project. He was giving me necessary information regarding the project and a lot of inspiring ideas. My appreciation also gives to my beloved parents, family members, and friends who have been behind me throughout this project for the encouragement and supported from them. I really appreciate all their help and support while I’m completing this project. Lastly, I would like to sincerely thank Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM) for providing the facilities and equipment for me to complete my project. In the previous era, the technology application mostly using wire but now a wireless device has become commonplace. The wireless sensor network can be defined as an application that having no wires connection on that devices. In addition, to make the system easy to monitor from a distant location, the RF 433MHz module was used. So, this project gives the idea for studying details about the RF 433MHz module performance for WSN application. 1.1 Project Background Nowadays, using the wireless sensor network (WSN) technology to monitor the environment helps someone to solve the problems of deployment difficulty, high cost, and realized unmanned monitoring which is mostly used in a factory, buildings, laboratory, and house. This project is to study the range and performance of the RF 433MHz module for WSN application. RF 433MHz module is popularly used in the remote control system. This range also available to use in this area. There are two types of the RF module which is transmitter and receiver. From research, using RF 433MHz module, the data can get more accurately without any data losses with the range that given than compared to another transmission for the wireless sensor network. The range that can reach by this RF module is different between outside and inside area. For inside area, it can work for 50 meters through multiple walls with an antenna, while for the outside area, it will be able for hundreds of meters. Besides that, a microcontroller such as Arduino also used in this project. Arduino that available for this project is Arduino PRO which is it has 3.3V port that will be easier to connect directly to the types of RF 433MHz module that used in this project. This project also will be studied the analysis of the data transmission by giving a few of distance between the transmitter and receiver of the RF 433MHz modules when located in the obstacles or line of sight area. Then, the data that are received will be displayed on the computer whether there are data losses or not. The problem that becoming as issues right now is there is a lot of ways to send data but the problem is about the range, cost, and data losses. So, for this situation, study the performance of RF 433MHz can overcome the problem for the WSN application. The objectives of this project are to understand the range and performance of RF 433MHz module. Moreover, exploration about the transmitting and receiving the data by using the RF 433MHz module. The main work scope of this project is to make sure this project will achieve the objectives. The main focus of this project:- i. To study and understanding the range of RF 433MHz module. ii. To transfer data by using RF 433MHz module. 1.5 Methodology In this project, there is three part that needs to follow. For the first part, it will be focused on the conducting the literature review and do some research more detail about the RF 433MHz module. Meanwhile, for the second part, after the software development process, the hardware development process will take over and include the testing of the project. Last part, when the hardware and software complete their part, it will be followed by testing the performance and the operation of the project to make an analysis. The methodology is the explanation of the procedures or steps when doing this project. The simulation, analysis, and evaluation of the project. A literature review is an important step before proceeding to the project. Collecting all the required information about the 433MHz RF module from the books, journals, and website. The literature review also can provide a useful information to complete the project. The idea for this project comes from the problem faced when the data that have been transmitted becomes losses with the range that provided. In this chapter, it will be explained more details about the project and also the components that will be used in this project. The frequency of 433MHz that used in the wireless sensor network can test the sending and receive the data for this range without any data losses. 433MHz RF modules required the 17cm of the antenna to support the range to send the data. The range is one of the most important parameters of any wireless system which is it defined how the transmitter and receiver can be apart from each other to send the data. A range of the outside with few obstacles the data can go through hundreds of meters. While for the indoor, the data can go over 50 meters through multiple walls. The external antenna will be soldering to the â€Å"ANT† on the transmitter to get more range which is 17cm of the length of the antenna that was used. Regarding the several research that I have done from a few of journals that can relate to my project. Wireless sensor networks are currently widely used in several of monitoring and control applications. Guohua Yang and Kui Zhang (2015) have conducted a project regarding the 433MHz radio for long-range communication. They present about the connectivity, range of the communication and packet loss ratio that have been performed in the indoor and outdoor environment. The Maarten Weyn and Glenn Ergeerts (2013) conducted the survey of the DASH7 Alliance Protocol for wireless sensor network (WSN). In this research, it stated that 433MHz is an unlicensed band. They said that, due to the frequency, it has a better propagation characteristic opposed to the higher frequency. The wavelength at the center of frequency is 69.14cm which is the bandwidth for the frequency is 1.84MHz. This limits the data rate of the communication at this frequency 433MHz is an ideal for low power of low data rate communication. Budi Setiyono, Sumardi, and Rafdito Harisuryo (2015) have conducted a project on measurement system of temperature, humidity and air pressure over 433MHz radio frequency for an application on a quadrotor. They using the telemetry system which is the measurement process of data at a certain distance. Then, they stated that data will be processed or analyzed by the receiving station. They stated on their result which is for successful transmission, the amount of data that received will be same as the amount of data that have been sent. This project is to improve the data transmission with 433MHz RF modules either in obstacles or line of sight condition. The 433MHz RF modules are categorized as the lower cost, lower power consumption and the most important is when the longer the distance for data that transmit remains accurate when it received by the receiver. In theoretical, the success of data transmission is the amount of data received will be same as the data that have been sent. That means there are no data losses when the transmission occurred. Radio Frequency (RF) is a rate in the range of around at 3 kHz to 300GHz which is corresponding to the frequency of radio waves, and the alternating current that can carry the radio signals. ITU bandstand for International Telecommunication Union that defined for the electromagnetic frequencies that used for radar and radio. The best set of terms for frequencies used in communication. While the very lowest bands have no radar applications. The table below shows the frequency range and ITU band. The Arduino Pro is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328. This microcontroller is an open-source hardware and software. The version that used in this project is 3.3V/8MHz. This version can be powered by a battery or external power supply. It has 14 digital inputs and output pins which is 6 of it can be used as PWM output, another 6 pins for the analog input, battery power jack, an ICSP header and reset button. Arduino Pro needs to connect with FTDI cable through six pins header to provide the USB power and have a communication with the board. Arduino Pro has the port for 3.3V that can supply the voltage for the transceiver. Each of the 14 digital pins on the Arduino Pro can be used as an input and output which is operated at 3.3V. Each of the pins can provide or receive a maximum of 40mA and has internal pull-up resistor (disconnect by default) of 20 until 50 kohm. The ATmega328 has 32KB and running 8MHz of the external resonator. It also has 2KB of SRAM and 1KB of EEPROM that can read and written with the EEPROM library. The operation of the Arduino microcontroller is based on the connection made on the pins. The application can be done by using the Arduino software where Arduino function can be edited according to the applications in this software. This software can work on by using the C or C++ language. The program that has been creating the need to upload to the microcontroller by using the USB cable. If there is an error detected on the program, it will be adjusted by editing to make a correction on the process and then the program needs to reload again. Other than that, there is another option which is using the reset button to delete all the previous program that have been upload before this to make it clear then built again. MHz RF Module version that has been used. It is because can operates in the unlicensed ISM (Industry Science and Medicine) radio band. It’s available for use in the inexpensive area for short-range wireless networks of sensors. This types can operate on the 433MHz frequency and can capable of transmitting at up to 100mW and up to 300kbps. When increasing the transmit power and reducing the data rate it can maximize the range of the 433MHz. DHT11 is a digital temperature and humidity sensor. Its suitable for my project that only needs to read the data about the temperature and humidity only. Micro-B is the smallest USB connector type. This type also used for the android as a cable for charging while USB port A is that can connect to PC or laptop. This USB cable needs to connect the RF transceiver module with the Arduino Pro at the transmitter and receiver. Using this board because the standard FTDI board cannot supply the enough current to run the RFM69 433MHz RF Modules. The difference between standard FTDI and Beefy 3 FTDI is the current that can provide which is standard FTDI provide 50mA while Beefy 3 FTDI provides up to 500mA. This chapter will be discussed the procedures and steps that used in this project. Each of the methods that were used to achieve this project will be stated and explain briefly. The purpose of the methodology is used to achieve the objective that has been stated. 3.1 Software Design In this part, the software design is part to do the programming by using the Arduino software. The flow of the data transmission starting from the reading of the temperature and humidity by using the DHT11 sensor. Then, the data will be processed by a microcontroller. It will be sent through the transmission of data by using the 433MHz RF transmitter module. When the power supply is turned on, the 433MHz RF receiver module and the microcontroller ready to accept the data that have been transmitted. After that, the data is sent by the Arduino microcontroller via a serial port to the computer for displaying the data. Based on Figure 1 and Figure 2 it showed the flow how it works. Hardware design consists of two parts which are from here it will be explained how the flow of the project will be complete. For the first part as shown in Figure 3.3 is the data obtain from the DHT11 sensor reading, then the data will be transmitted by the 433MHz RF transmitter modules. While for the second part as shown in Figure 3.4 is the data received via 433MHz RF receiver modules then sent by the Arduino PRO that connected to a computer for display. The generated data for this project should be the same with the theoretical results. Besides that, the results of this project will be compared with the theoretical results, the journals or book that have been found.